Posted by Berenike Neneiawith Thomas Scarborough
What is love? There is the unspoken view that what love means to one it means to the whole world. This is not the case, as I shall demonstrate by exploring the word in my mother tongue, I-Kiribati.In English, love is hard to define – or rather, it has many definitions – while in my own language, the word itself informs us of its meaning.
In English, ‘love’ may be traced back thousands of years to the Sanskrit ‘lubh’, which means ‘to desire’. Its meaning has not changed much since then. Today the Oxford English Dictionary defines it as ‘a feeling or disposition of deep affection or fondness for someone’.
To many, this is unsatisfactory – mostly for the reason that affections may change – alternatively, that they believe love to be deeper and wider than mere desire. In English, the only real alternative to this is the religious meaning of the word, which compares our love with the love of God which is sacrificial and unchanging. Yet this, too, is simply called ‘love’.
In my own language, the word for love is ‘tangira’. It comes from two words, namely ‘tang’, which means ‘to cry’, and ‘ngira’, which means ‘to groan.’ Crying may be both positive and negative, in the sense that a person can cry if they are happy and if they are sad. This already reveals something important about love. Love does not change when it turns to crying, or where there is groaning. This is by definition wrapped up with love.
'Ngira' has a further, related meaning, which is 'to sacrifice'. Thus a person who is in love will engage in self-sacrifice. This, in turn, needs to be mutual, to be shared equally between a husband and a wife, so that it will build a good and lifelong relationship which brings glory to God’s name.
Sacrifice, too, should rule out the possibility of violence. In my culture, men may abuse their relationship role, and use it to gratify themselves alone. In some instances, in which wives are violated by their husbands, men argue that they do such things out of love. Then their behavioural beings, called ‘aomataia’, change and become violent. This creates disunity and disorder. But ‘ngira’ as sacrifice implies that a husband will sacrifice himself for his wife, and vice versa. This lies closer to the religious definition of love in English.
‘Ngira’ has a social aspect, too. People often identify themselves by the power they hold, and not by love. The more people hold high rank in government, church, or non-governmental organisations, the more they are likely to define themselves as superior within the family, society, church, or country as a whole. Sometimes this quest for importance causes people to do harm to others because they want to be placed higher. While power is not harmful in itself, it needs to be founded on sacrifice, to the benefit of all.
There is a related word in our language, to ‘tangira’. It is ‘onimaki’, which means ‘belief, faith, confidence’. This word clarifies the love that binds couples in marriage. If both have faith in each other, it is assumed that there will be no violence, which leads people to separation and divorce – although this does not mean that they will not quarrel. In spite of such things, there is a possibility that they will find solutions for their problems, because they believe that they are faithful to each other, and to God.
The meaning of ‘onimaki’ should rule out unfaithfulness. Therefore, remaining a virgin is very important for unmarried women in I-Kiribati culture, and is still practiced nowadays. If daughters are found not to be virgins during the first time they have sex after marriage, they will be returned to her parents and family naked. To return the woman naked is to embarrass her, because she is not good enough to be a daughter-in-law, as she has already given her body to someone else.
Faithfulness also implies provision. Sometimes marriage relationships are destroyed through the wife or the husband being lazy. For instance, if a wife is lazy in the sense that she cannot look after her husband and in-laws, then if she lives in an extended family, as most women in Kiribati do, she can be chased away by the in-laws. This also applies to men, but is rare compared to women.
It will be seen in this exploration of the I-Kiribati definition of ‘love’ that it matters a great deal what we think of a word, and what it means – love being one of the most important words of all. Yet some words give us little guidance in themselves, so that we profit from teaching ourselves their meanings. The examples of ‘tangira’ and ‘onimaki’ in my language serve as an illustration of the value of knowing.
There is a tendency today to say that meanings are not defined but absorbed. This is especially prevalent in religion. Sometimes, however, there is great reward in reflecting on what our words mean, and applying these meanings to our personal and social situation.
